| 高效植保机械与精准施药技术进展 |
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| 引用本文：何雄奎.高效植保机械与精准施药技术进展.植物保护学报,2022,49(1):389-397 |
| DOI：10.13802/j.cnki.zwbhxb.2022.2022827 |
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| 中文摘要:农药、植保机械（又称药械）与施药技术是影响农药喷施效果、防治效果和农药利用效率的3个同等重要的因素。药械与施药技术随着农药学科的发展而发展，整体来讲药械发展经历了人背机器、机器背人、人机分离、喷雾机器人4个典型时代。我国现有耕种面积大小不同的各类农场3.2亿个，总耕地面积1.2亿hm2，年均植保防治作业面积4亿~5亿hm2次，至今我国连续10多年的粮食连年增产，新型植保装备与高效施药技术的研发应用推广功不可没。与20世纪相比，在新千年前20年，国内外药械和施药技术与高速发展的绿色农药生产相互适应、相互促进，进入了快速发展的轨道，至2020年我国植保机械社会保有量突破2.5亿台，自走式喷杆喷雾机260多万台，各类果园喷雾机150多万台，植保无人机10多万台；新型植保装备与高效施药技术为农药减量提供了手段，助推了农药利用率的提高和农药的减量计划的实施。2020年全国水稻、玉米、小麦三大粮食作物的农药利用率达到40.6%，较2015年提高了4个百分点，新型植保装备与高效施药技术为解决诸如农药有效利用率低、操作人员中毒、农药残留超标和环境污染等问题做出了突出贡献。特别是在我国自走式喷杆喷雾机、植保无人机、无人驾驶精准变量喷雾装备与高效低量施药技术研发应用方面，为我国现代化农业的健康、高效植保作业的快速发展提供解决方案。 |
| 中文关键词:精准农业 农药 植保机械 雾滴 施药技术 |
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| Research and development of efficient plant protection equipment and precision spraying technology in China: a review |
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| Abstract:Pesticide, equipment(also known as plant protection machinery) and application technology are three equally important aspects of pesticide spraying effect, control effect and pesticide utilization efficiency. With the development of pesticide science, the development of plant protection machinery and pesticide application technology have experienced four typical periods:people carrying machines, machines carrying people, man-machine separation and unmanned at all. There are 320 million farms of different sizes in China, with a total cultivated area of 1.2 billion hm2 and an average annual area of four to five billion hm2 for plant protection and prevention. Up to now, the grain yield has increased continuously for more than ten years, and the research, development and application of new plant protection equipment and efficient pesticide application technology are indispensable. In the past 20 years, domestic and international plant protection equipment and efficient pesticide application technology have been adapted and promoted with the rapid development of green pesticide production, thereby proceed on a path of rapid and sustained growth. By 2020, there were more than 250 million plant protection devices, 2.6 million self-propelled boom sprayers, and 100 000 plant protection unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) in China. Besides, compared with 2015, the utilizing rate of pesticides increased by 4% to 40.6% in 2020, making outstanding contributions to solving problems such as low utilizing rate of pesticides, poisoning of operators, excessive pesticide residues and environmental pollution. In particular, the research, development and application of self-propelled boom sprayers, plant protection UAVs, unmanned precision variable spraying devices and efficient application technology provide a solution for the rapid and healthy development of modern agriculture and efficient plant protection operation in China. |
| keywords:precision farming pesticide crop protection machinery droplet application technology |
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